What started off as a hybrid conflict of plausible deniability, soon spread to the Donbas, and then, on 24 February 2022, was escalated into an all-out invasion of Ukraine by Russia. Although relatively small in number even three years later, these systems have not only proved qualitatively superior to Soviet-legacy systems, but also played a critical role in the defence of Ukraine, enabling the ZSU to shift away from the Soviet-style massed fire towards one that emphasises precision, and deploys artillery as a force multiplier.

What started off as a hybrid conflict of plausible deniability, soon spread to the Donbas, and then, on 24 February 2022, was escalated into an all-out invasion of Ukraine by Russia. Although relatively small in number even three years later, these systems have not only proved qualitatively superior to Soviet-legacy systems, but also played a critical role in the defence of Ukraine, enabling the ZSU to shift away from the Soviet-style massed fire towards one that emphasises precision, and deploys artillery as a force multiplier.